{
  "id": "normality",
  "version": "531f665df248",
  "status": "published",
  "name": "Normality Calculator",
  "question": "What is the normality?",
  "summary": "Finds the normality of a solution (equivalents per liter) from its molarity and the equivalents per mole, or from grams of solute, molar mass and volume; or the molarity from a normality, or the grams to weigh for a normality.",
  "category": "chemistry",
  "subcategory": "solutions",
  "url": "https://www.acalculator.org/chemistry/normality-calculator",
  "markdown": "https://www.acalculator.org/chemistry/normality-calculator.md",
  "kind": "function",
  "method": "N = n × M; M = N ÷ n; M = grams ÷ (molar mass × liters); equivalent weight EW = molar mass ÷ n; N = grams ÷ EW ÷ liters; grams = N × liters × EW.",
  "assumptions": [
    "n is the equivalents per mole of the solute in the reaction you use it for, so one solution can have several normalities: 1 M H₂SO₄ is 2 N when both H⁺ react and 1 N when one does.",
    "The volume is the final volume of the solution, not of the solvent."
  ],
  "inputs": {
    "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
    "type": "object",
    "properties": {
      "find": {
        "title": "Find",
        "description": "Normality from molarity, molarity from normality, normality from grams, or the grams to weigh.",
        "type": "string",
        "enum": [
          "n",
          "m",
          "mass",
          "grams"
        ]
      },
      "m": {
        "title": "Molarity (mol/L)",
        "description": "The molar concentration: moles of solute per liter of solution.",
        "type": "number",
        "minimum": 1e-12,
        "maximum": 100
      },
      "nn": {
        "title": "Normality (eq/L)",
        "description": "Equivalents of solute per liter of solution (N).",
        "type": "number",
        "minimum": 1e-12,
        "maximum": 1000
      },
      "g": {
        "title": "Mass of solute (g)",
        "description": "The grams of solute dissolved.",
        "type": "number",
        "minimum": 1e-9,
        "maximum": 1000000000
      },
      "mm": {
        "title": "Molar mass (g/mol)",
        "description": "The formula weight of the solute, such as 98.08 for H₂SO₄.",
        "type": "number",
        "minimum": 0.001,
        "maximum": 1000000
      },
      "v": {
        "title": "Volume of solution",
        "description": "The final volume of the solution, in milliliters or liters.",
        "type": [
          "number",
          "string"
        ],
        "x-quantity": "volume",
        "minimum": 1e-15,
        "maximum": 1000000
      },
      "eq": {
        "title": "Equivalents per mole (n)",
        "description": "H⁺ given or taken (acid–base), electrons (redox), the ion’s charge (precipitation): 2 for H₂SO₄ giving both H⁺.",
        "type": "integer",
        "minimum": 1,
        "maximum": 10
      }
    }
  },
  "outputs": {
    "result": {
      "label": "Answer",
      "description": "The normality, the molarity, or the grams to weigh.",
      "format": "text"
    },
    "normalityValue": {
      "label": "Normality (eq/L)",
      "description": "Equivalents per liter: n × molarity.",
      "format": "number"
    },
    "molarityValue": {
      "label": "Molarity (mol/L)",
      "description": "Moles per liter: normality ÷ n.",
      "format": "number"
    },
    "equivalents": {
      "label": "Equivalents (eq)",
      "description": "The equivalents of solute: n × moles.",
      "format": "number"
    },
    "moles": {
      "label": "Moles of solute (mol)",
      "description": "Grams ÷ molar mass.",
      "format": "number"
    },
    "gramsValue": {
      "label": "Mass of solute (g)",
      "description": "The grams of solute.",
      "format": "number"
    },
    "ew": {
      "label": "Equivalent weight (g/eq)",
      "description": "Molar mass ÷ n: the grams that give one equivalent.",
      "format": "number"
    }
  },
  "defaultAnswer": {
    "inputs": {
      "find": "n",
      "m": 0.1,
      "nn": 1,
      "g": 4.904,
      "mm": 98.08,
      "v": "500 mL",
      "eq": 2
    },
    "outputs": {
      "result": "Normality = 0.2 N",
      "normalityValue": 0.2,
      "molarityValue": 0.1
    },
    "text": "Normality = 0.2 N (n = 2)."
  },
  "examples": [
    {
      "given": {
        "find": "n",
        "m": 0.1,
        "eq": 2
      },
      "expect": {
        "normalityValue": 0.2,
        "result": "Normality = 0.2 N"
      },
      "source": "Harvey, Analytical Chemistry 2.1, §16.1 Normality (N = n × M; EW = FW ÷ n; n = 2 for H₂SO₄ with NH₃), https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/16%3A_Appendix/16.01%3A_Normality; hand calculation in content.mdx: 2 × 0.1; Python 3"
    },
    {
      "given": {
        "find": "m",
        "nn": 0.5,
        "eq": 3
      },
      "expect": {
        "molarityValue": 0.16666666666666666,
        "result": "Molarity = 0.166667 M"
      },
      "source": "Harvey, Analytical Chemistry 2.1, §16.1 Normality (N = n × M; EW = FW ÷ n; n = 2 for H₂SO₄ with NH₃), https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/16%3A_Appendix/16.01%3A_Normality: M = N ÷ n; hand calculation in content.mdx: 0.5 ÷ 3; Python 3"
    },
    {
      "given": {
        "find": "mass",
        "g": 4.904,
        "mm": 98.08,
        "v": 0.0005,
        "eq": 2
      },
      "expect": {
        "normalityValue": 0.2,
        "molarityValue": 0.1,
        "equivalents": 0.1,
        "ew": 49.04
      },
      "source": "Harvey, Analytical Chemistry 2.1, §16.1 Normality (N = n × M; EW = FW ÷ n; n = 2 for H₂SO₄ with NH₃), https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/16%3A_Appendix/16.01%3A_Normality; OpenStax, Chemistry 2e, §3.3 Molarity (M = mol solute ÷ L solution; Example 3.17: 5.30 M NaCl, 0.250 L, 58.44 g/mol gives 77.4 g), https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/3-3-molarity; hand calculation in content.mdx; Python 3"
    },
    {
      "given": {
        "find": "grams",
        "nn": 5.3,
        "v": 0.00025,
        "mm": 58.44,
        "eq": 1
      },
      "expect": {
        "gramsValue": 77.433,
        "moles": 1.325,
        "result": "Weigh 77.433 g"
      },
      "source": "OpenStax, Chemistry 2e, §3.3 Molarity (M = mol solute ÷ L solution; Example 3.17: 5.30 M NaCl, 0.250 L, 58.44 g/mol gives 77.4 g), https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/3-3-molarity: 77.4 g; Harvey, Analytical Chemistry 2.1, §16.1 Normality (N = n × M; EW = FW ÷ n; n = 2 for H₂SO₄ with NH₃), https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/16%3A_Appendix/16.01%3A_Normality; Python 3"
    }
  ],
  "sources": [
    "Harvey, Analytical Chemistry 2.1 (LibreTexts), §16.1 Normality: N = n × M, EW = FW ÷ n, and n for acid–base (H₂SO₄ with NH₃: n = 2), redox, precipitation and complexation reactions. https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/16%3A_Appendix/16.01%3A_Normality (retrieved 2026-10-19)",
    "OpenStax, Chemistry 2e, §3.3 Molarity: M = mol solute ÷ L solution; Example 3.17 (0.250 L of 5.30 M NaCl at 58.44 g/mol: 77.4 g). https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/3-3-molarity (retrieved 2026-10-19)"
  ],
  "related": [
    "molarity",
    "molality",
    "titration",
    "dilution"
  ],
  "changelog": []
}