{
  "id": "europe-time-zones",
  "version": "d5f03081a23d",
  "status": "published",
  "name": "Europe Time Zones",
  "question": "What are the Europe time zones?",
  "summary": "Lists the time zones of Europe with the local time, abbreviation, UTC offset, and daylight saving in each, for any time and date.",
  "category": "days",
  "subcategory": "time-and-hours",
  "url": "https://www.acalculator.org/days/europe-time-zones",
  "markdown": "https://www.acalculator.org/days/europe-time-zones.md",
  "kind": "function",
  "method": "For the typed time in the chosen zone, find the instant (UTC) it names, then show each listed zone’s clock at that instant with its UTC offset, from the browser’s IANA time zone data.",
  "assumptions": [
    "The zones are IANA tzdata names from zone1970.tab (tzdata 2026a): Atlantic/Azores, Africa/Abidjan, Europe/Lisbon, Europe/London, Europe/Dublin, Europe/Paris, Europe/Berlin, Europe/Madrid, Europe/Rome, Europe/Warsaw, Europe/Athens, Europe/Helsinki, Europe/Kyiv, Europe/Kaliningrad, Europe/Istanbul, Europe/Minsk, Europe/Moscow, Europe/Samara. The browser supplies each zone's offsets and daylight saving rules, so a rule change arrives with a browser update.",
    "“Time zones” counts the different standard offsets among the listed zones. A zone’s standard offset in a year is the lower of its offsets at 00:00 UTC on January 1 and July 1 of that UTC year.",
    "“UTC offsets in use” counts the different offsets the listed zones show at that moment.",
    "Each zone shows its local time, the abbreviation from the browser’s Unicode CLDR English names (left out when CLDR has none), the date as “Tue, Sep 29”, the offset as UTC+hh:mm or UTC−hh:mm, and “daylight saving” when the offset is ahead of the standard offset, “standard time” when the zone’s January 1 and July 1 offsets differ but it is on the standard offset, or “no daylight saving” when they are the same. Because the rule compares January 1 and July 1, a zone that moves its offset for good during a year (Cancún in 2015, Novosibirsk in 2016), or whose January 1 falls in Morocco’s Ramadan change (Casablanca in 2030 to 2033), shows the later offset as “daylight saving” for that year.",
    "A time that does not exist in the chosen zone (skipped when clocks spring forward) has no answer. A time that occurs twice (when clocks fall back) shows both moments, earlier first, where they differ.",
    "Dates from 2000 to 2040 work."
  ],
  "inputs": {
    "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
    "type": "object",
    "properties": {
      "at": {
        "title": "Time",
        "description": "A clock time in the zone chosen below; the table shows that moment in every zone.",
        "type": "string",
        "pattern": "^\\d{2}:\\d{2}(:\\d{2})?$"
      },
      "zone": {
        "title": "In",
        "description": "The time zone of the time above (IANA name).",
        "type": "string",
        "enum": [
          "Atlantic/Azores",
          "Africa/Abidjan",
          "Europe/Lisbon",
          "Europe/London",
          "Europe/Dublin",
          "Europe/Paris",
          "Europe/Berlin",
          "Europe/Madrid",
          "Europe/Rome",
          "Europe/Warsaw",
          "Europe/Athens",
          "Europe/Helsinki",
          "Europe/Kyiv",
          "Europe/Kaliningrad",
          "Europe/Istanbul",
          "Europe/Minsk",
          "Europe/Moscow",
          "Europe/Samara",
          "UTC"
        ]
      },
      "on": {
        "title": "Date",
        "description": "The date of that time in that zone. Today, unless you change it.",
        "type": "string",
        "format": "date"
      }
    }
  },
  "outputs": {
    "zones": {
      "label": "Time zones",
      "description": "The number of different standard UTC offsets among the zones listed for Europe.",
      "format": "integer"
    },
    "inUse": {
      "label": "UTC offsets in use at that moment",
      "description": "The number of different UTC offsets the listed zones show at that moment, daylight saving included.",
      "format": "integer"
    },
    "azores": {
      "label": "Azores (Portugal)",
      "description": "Local time, abbreviation, UTC offset, and daylight saving in Atlantic/Azores at that moment.",
      "format": "text"
    },
    "abidjan": {
      "label": "Reykjavík (Iceland)",
      "description": "Local time, abbreviation, UTC offset, and daylight saving in Africa/Abidjan at that moment.",
      "format": "text"
    },
    "lisbon": {
      "label": "Lisbon (Portugal)",
      "description": "Local time, abbreviation, UTC offset, and daylight saving in Europe/Lisbon at that moment.",
      "format": "text"
    },
    "london": {
      "label": "London (UK)",
      "description": "Local time, abbreviation, UTC offset, and daylight saving in Europe/London at that moment.",
      "format": "text"
    },
    "dublin": {
      "label": "Dublin (Ireland)",
      "description": "Local time, abbreviation, UTC offset, and daylight saving in Europe/Dublin at that moment.",
      "format": "text"
    },
    "paris": {
      "label": "Paris (France)",
      "description": "Local time, abbreviation, UTC offset, and daylight saving in Europe/Paris at that moment.",
      "format": "text"
    },
    "berlin": {
      "label": "Berlin (Germany)",
      "description": "Local time, abbreviation, UTC offset, and daylight saving in Europe/Berlin at that moment.",
      "format": "text"
    },
    "madrid": {
      "label": "Madrid (Spain)",
      "description": "Local time, abbreviation, UTC offset, and daylight saving in Europe/Madrid at that moment.",
      "format": "text"
    },
    "rome": {
      "label": "Rome (Italy)",
      "description": "Local time, abbreviation, UTC offset, and daylight saving in Europe/Rome at that moment.",
      "format": "text"
    },
    "warsaw": {
      "label": "Warsaw (Poland)",
      "description": "Local time, abbreviation, UTC offset, and daylight saving in Europe/Warsaw at that moment.",
      "format": "text"
    },
    "athens": {
      "label": "Athens (Greece)",
      "description": "Local time, abbreviation, UTC offset, and daylight saving in Europe/Athens at that moment.",
      "format": "text"
    },
    "helsinki": {
      "label": "Helsinki (Finland)",
      "description": "Local time, abbreviation, UTC offset, and daylight saving in Europe/Helsinki at that moment.",
      "format": "text"
    },
    "kyiv": {
      "label": "Kyiv (Ukraine)",
      "description": "Local time, abbreviation, UTC offset, and daylight saving in Europe/Kyiv at that moment.",
      "format": "text"
    },
    "kaliningrad": {
      "label": "Kaliningrad (Russia)",
      "description": "Local time, abbreviation, UTC offset, and daylight saving in Europe/Kaliningrad at that moment.",
      "format": "text"
    },
    "istanbul": {
      "label": "Istanbul (Turkey)",
      "description": "Local time, abbreviation, UTC offset, and daylight saving in Europe/Istanbul at that moment.",
      "format": "text"
    },
    "minsk": {
      "label": "Minsk (Belarus)",
      "description": "Local time, abbreviation, UTC offset, and daylight saving in Europe/Minsk at that moment.",
      "format": "text"
    },
    "moscow": {
      "label": "Moscow (Russia)",
      "description": "Local time, abbreviation, UTC offset, and daylight saving in Europe/Moscow at that moment.",
      "format": "text"
    },
    "samara": {
      "label": "Samara (Russia)",
      "description": "Local time, abbreviation, UTC offset, and daylight saving in Europe/Samara at that moment.",
      "format": "text"
    }
  },
  "defaultAnswer": {
    "inputs": {
      "at": "12:00",
      "zone": "Europe/London",
      "on": "2026-09-30"
    },
    "outputs": {
      "zones": 6,
      "inUse": 5,
      "azores": "11:00 AM · Wed, Sep 30 · UTC+00:00 · daylight saving",
      "abidjan": "11:00 AM GMT · Wed, Sep 30 · UTC+00:00 · no daylight saving",
      "lisbon": "12:00 PM WEST · Wed, Sep 30 · UTC+01:00 · daylight saving",
      "london": "12:00 PM BST · Wed, Sep 30 · UTC+01:00 · daylight saving",
      "dublin": "12:00 PM IST · Wed, Sep 30 · UTC+01:00 · daylight saving",
      "paris": "1:00 PM CEST · Wed, Sep 30 · UTC+02:00 · daylight saving",
      "berlin": "1:00 PM CEST · Wed, Sep 30 · UTC+02:00 · daylight saving",
      "madrid": "1:00 PM CEST · Wed, Sep 30 · UTC+02:00 · daylight saving",
      "rome": "1:00 PM CEST · Wed, Sep 30 · UTC+02:00 · daylight saving",
      "warsaw": "1:00 PM CEST · Wed, Sep 30 · UTC+02:00 · daylight saving",
      "athens": "2:00 PM EEST · Wed, Sep 30 · UTC+03:00 · daylight saving",
      "helsinki": "2:00 PM EEST · Wed, Sep 30 · UTC+03:00 · daylight saving",
      "kyiv": "2:00 PM EEST · Wed, Sep 30 · UTC+03:00 · daylight saving",
      "kaliningrad": "1:00 PM EET · Wed, Sep 30 · UTC+02:00 · no daylight saving",
      "istanbul": "2:00 PM · Wed, Sep 30 · UTC+03:00 · no daylight saving",
      "minsk": "2:00 PM · Wed, Sep 30 · UTC+03:00 · no daylight saving",
      "moscow": "2:00 PM · Wed, Sep 30 · UTC+03:00 · no daylight saving",
      "samara": "3:00 PM · Wed, Sep 30 · UTC+04:00 · no daylight saving"
    },
    "text": "At 12:00 PM on September 30, 2026 in London (UK), Europe has 6 time zones and 5 UTC offsets in use."
  },
  "examples": [
    {
      "given": {
        "at": "12:00",
        "zone": "Europe/London",
        "on": "2026-01-15"
      },
      "expect": {
        "zones": 6,
        "inUse": 6,
        "azores": "11:00 AM · Thu, Jan 15 · UTC−01:00 · standard time",
        "abidjan": "12:00 PM GMT · Thu, Jan 15 · UTC+00:00 · no daylight saving",
        "lisbon": "12:00 PM WET · Thu, Jan 15 · UTC+00:00 · standard time",
        "london": "12:00 PM GMT · Thu, Jan 15 · UTC+00:00 · standard time",
        "dublin": "12:00 PM GMT · Thu, Jan 15 · UTC+00:00 · standard time",
        "paris": "1:00 PM CET · Thu, Jan 15 · UTC+01:00 · standard time",
        "berlin": "1:00 PM CET · Thu, Jan 15 · UTC+01:00 · standard time",
        "madrid": "1:00 PM CET · Thu, Jan 15 · UTC+01:00 · standard time",
        "rome": "1:00 PM CET · Thu, Jan 15 · UTC+01:00 · standard time",
        "warsaw": "1:00 PM CET · Thu, Jan 15 · UTC+01:00 · standard time",
        "athens": "2:00 PM EET · Thu, Jan 15 · UTC+02:00 · standard time",
        "helsinki": "2:00 PM EET · Thu, Jan 15 · UTC+02:00 · standard time",
        "kyiv": "2:00 PM EET · Thu, Jan 15 · UTC+02:00 · standard time",
        "kaliningrad": "2:00 PM EET · Thu, Jan 15 · UTC+02:00 · no daylight saving",
        "istanbul": "3:00 PM · Thu, Jan 15 · UTC+03:00 · no daylight saving",
        "minsk": "3:00 PM · Thu, Jan 15 · UTC+03:00 · no daylight saving",
        "moscow": "3:00 PM · Thu, Jan 15 · UTC+03:00 · no daylight saving",
        "samara": "4:00 PM · Thu, Jan 15 · UTC+04:00 · no daylight saving"
      },
      "source": "IANA Time Zone Database, tzdata 2026a (https://www.iana.org/time-zones); Python 3 zoneinfo with tzdata 2026a (2026-01-15T12:00Z); abbreviations from Unicode CLDR English names (docs/progress/WP-46/truth.py)"
    },
    {
      "given": {
        "at": "12:00",
        "zone": "Europe/London",
        "on": "2026-07-15"
      },
      "expect": {
        "zones": 6,
        "inUse": 5,
        "azores": "11:00 AM · Wed, Jul 15 · UTC+00:00 · daylight saving",
        "abidjan": "11:00 AM GMT · Wed, Jul 15 · UTC+00:00 · no daylight saving",
        "lisbon": "12:00 PM WEST · Wed, Jul 15 · UTC+01:00 · daylight saving",
        "london": "12:00 PM BST · Wed, Jul 15 · UTC+01:00 · daylight saving",
        "dublin": "12:00 PM IST · Wed, Jul 15 · UTC+01:00 · daylight saving",
        "paris": "1:00 PM CEST · Wed, Jul 15 · UTC+02:00 · daylight saving",
        "berlin": "1:00 PM CEST · Wed, Jul 15 · UTC+02:00 · daylight saving",
        "madrid": "1:00 PM CEST · Wed, Jul 15 · UTC+02:00 · daylight saving",
        "rome": "1:00 PM CEST · Wed, Jul 15 · UTC+02:00 · daylight saving",
        "warsaw": "1:00 PM CEST · Wed, Jul 15 · UTC+02:00 · daylight saving",
        "athens": "2:00 PM EEST · Wed, Jul 15 · UTC+03:00 · daylight saving",
        "helsinki": "2:00 PM EEST · Wed, Jul 15 · UTC+03:00 · daylight saving",
        "kyiv": "2:00 PM EEST · Wed, Jul 15 · UTC+03:00 · daylight saving",
        "kaliningrad": "1:00 PM EET · Wed, Jul 15 · UTC+02:00 · no daylight saving",
        "istanbul": "2:00 PM · Wed, Jul 15 · UTC+03:00 · no daylight saving",
        "minsk": "2:00 PM · Wed, Jul 15 · UTC+03:00 · no daylight saving",
        "moscow": "2:00 PM · Wed, Jul 15 · UTC+03:00 · no daylight saving",
        "samara": "3:00 PM · Wed, Jul 15 · UTC+04:00 · no daylight saving"
      },
      "source": "IANA Time Zone Database, tzdata 2026a (https://www.iana.org/time-zones); Python 3 zoneinfo with tzdata 2026a (2026-07-15T11:00Z); abbreviations from Unicode CLDR English names (docs/progress/WP-46/truth.py)"
    }
  ],
  "sources": [
    "Directive 2000/84/EC on summer-time arrangements (https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2000/84/oj)",
    "IANA Time Zone Database, tzdata 2026a (https://www.iana.org/time-zones)"
  ],
  "related": [
    "time-zone-converter",
    "time-zones",
    "us-time-zones",
    "pdt-to-est",
    "australia-time-zones",
    "canada-time-zones"
  ],
  "changelog": []
}